General Biology, Pictures of Biological Phenomena
USD Department of Biology
General Biology2
Summers 		Respiration and oxygen availability
Heart and Circulation/Transport
Nutrition, Digestion, Metabolism
Excretion and Elimination
 		Birds can fly very high fertilization neuron Chemical Messengers
Sexual Reproduction
Neuronal Structure & Signals
Sensory Reception 		text:Biological Science 5th Edition - Freeman ..
Integration of Neural Function
Neuromuscular Action - Behavior
syllabus
acronyms    end

Respiration and Gas Exchange

Insect Respiration:
1) Tracheal tubes in insects
    


Plant Respiration:
1) Leaf Pores: Stomata


2) Stomata opening and closing


Fish Respiration:
1) Gills


2) Swim/Gas Bladder

Oxygen dissociation:

Heart and Circulation

Plant Transport and Circulation:
1) xylem

2) tracheids

3) vascular bundle

4) cohesion and the continuous H2O column

5) phloem


Animal Circulation: 1) Folded Arteries c Heart

2) Mammalian Heart

3) SA AV nodes, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

4) Videos of heart function
Blood Flow
Electrical Signals stimulate the heart

5) Capillaries and vessels


Nutrition and Digestion

Digestive Tract (GI tract)Anatomy:

Increase Absorptive Surface Area:
1) human microvilli (left photo);            plant root hairs (right)
Metabolism:
1) Metabolic Rate (MR) by Ambient temperature (Toa)

2) MR by body mass

3) MR by gut contents

Excretion and Elimination

Flat Worm Excretion
flame cells in proto-nephridia
Earthworm Excretion
meta-nephridia or an earthwormmeta-nephridia
Insect Excretion


Kidney Anatomy:

Nephron


Concentration

AVP = ADH

Reabsorption

Chemical Signals

Endocrinology

Endocrine glands - Tell me what the book left out


Hormone Types

 1) Thyroid Axis

	a) TRH

	b) TSH binds to TSH-R

    TSH binds the TSH receptor

	c) T4 is converted to T3, which binds the T3 receptor

		i) T4 & T3 are made from the pro-hormone Thyroglobulin

        thyroglobulin
2nd Messengers
cAMP video

Reproduction

 
 1) Female Gametes = ova egg in situ

	a) follicle with ovum Follicle with central ovum in the ovary

 2) Male Gametes = spermatozoa sperm

	a) pollen tube Tomato Pollen Tube

	b) spermatophore spermatophore

3) Intromittent Organs    
	a) gonopodiagonopodiumgonopodium

		
4) Fertilizationfertilizationfertilization
fertilization

Neuroscience

Neuronal Structure: 1) Neuron
communication between neurons

2) Neurons and Glia Neurons and Glia

Neuronal Signals:

1) Action Potential
Action Potential

Sensory Input:

1) Ear: Hair Cell stretch receptors
Source: Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, 4th Edn

2) Eye: Retina

Retinal photoreceptor rhodopsin cascade
Source: Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, 4th Edn
3) Heat Pits of venomous snakes


4) Parietal Eye
parietal eye<em>Pogona vitticeps</em> parietal eye

Central Integration

1) Reflexes
neural pathway for reflex
2) Special Regions of the Brain

Neuromuscular Action

1) Neuromuscular Junction
neuromuscular junction motor endplatesImage: Prof. Thomas Caceci